What are the two main types of program evaluation?

The choice of formative evaluation and summative evaluation as the two main types of program evaluation is rooted in the distinct purposes and timing associated with each type.

Formative evaluation focuses on the processes and implementation aspect of a program. It is conducted during the development and ongoing operation of a program, aiming to improve its design and performance. This type of evaluation gathers feedback that can inform adjustments and enhancements in real-time, ensuring that the program is meeting the needs of its target audience effectively.

In contrast, summative evaluation takes place after a program has been implemented. Its primary goal is to assess the outcomes and effectiveness of the program in meeting its objectives. Summative evaluation provides evidence on whether the program achieved its desired impact, which is crucial for decisions about the continuation or scaling of the program.

Understanding the differences between these two types of evaluations is essential for evaluating program effectiveness comprehensively. Both formative and summative evaluations provide valuable insights; however, they serve different purposes in the lifecycle of a program. This dual framework—focusing on improvement during implementation and assessment of outcomes post-implementation—captures the essential approaches to program evaluation.